Dr. S.KANDASAMY - M.V.Sc (Surgery)

  Canine Castration                Open Prescrotal Castration               Closed Prescrotal Castration   Prescrotal Castration               Skin incision ----  Subcutaneous tissue incision along the median raphe ---- Continue to incise the fascia and parietal vaginal tunics - in Open Prescrotal Castration                  The parietal vaginal tunic was intact in Closed Prescrotal Castration .                  Tunica albuginea was intact in both open and closed prescrotal castration. Note:                   The risk of ligature slippage and loosening may be slightly greater in closed techniques compared to open techniques .             Removal of parietal vagina...

THELITIS                  Thelitis is a disease affecting primarily the h igh-yielding primiparous graded Murrah milch buffaloes and causing serious economic losses to the farmers.                The disease is characterized by acute inflammation of one or more teats with subsequent thickening, narrowing or closure of the teat canal leading to incomplete milk drainage.                The quality of milk appears to be normal unlike in clinical mastitis.               Thelitis may lead to ulceration, focal necrosis, and partial or complete sloughing off the affected teat.                Healing may be delayed due to the trauma of milking and secondary bacterial infections. Treatment          Corticosteroids are effective in treating thelitis ...

                               Goats and Sheep in India are generally reared on a free-range system, making them susceptible to dog bites.                      One of the most common traumatic injuries in livestock is caused by a dog bite.                      The etiology for the present case was due to the dog bitten wound which leads deep bite wound through which the rumen gets eviscerated.                      Eviscerated organs are exposed to the environment there are more chances for contamination and congestion.                    The case was presented without delay and contamination of the eviscerated contents was minimal.    ...

 The owner called and reported that the water bag had ruptured by 6:00 PM (3 hours ago) and the tail was approaching the birth passage. Straining was noticed and the animal was in lateral recumbency. Vaginal examination revealed breech presentation (Bilateral hip flexion). Attempts were made to convert hip flexion to hock flexion. Unfortunately, attempts failed due to the Hind limb abnormality (Failure of flexion of hi limb). Attempts were made by passing the snare in front of the stifle joint from left lateral to right lateral in the form of a "U" shape and traction was given. The calf was relieved successfully and it was a live calf.                     Both the dam and the fetus were alive but the fetus was born with hind limb abnormality           (not able to flex the hock joint).                             ...

  Rectal Prolapse         Common surgical condition in Cattle, Buffaloes, Camel and small ruminants.          It may be due to prolonged tenesmus or increased abdominal pressure due to bloat, rectal inflammation, irritation, diarrhoea and the act of parturition.          Other causes of straining include neoplasms, foreign bodies, hernia, constipation and Congenital defects. Diagnosis          Visual observation Treatment          Reduce the condition with a warm astringent solution if it was acute with minimal damage         If the faeces are of soft consistency Purse string suture around the anus may help manage the prolapse.          The purse string was tied leaving an anal opening that permits defecation.         If the condition was chronic, a mputation of rectum can be perform...

 

  Obturator Nerve Paralysis                        Excessive pulling to deliver a calf, pulling a calf straight out from the cow rather than down and backwards or having the calf in the birth canal too long (several hours), predisposes the nerve to mechanical injury.            This is common when assisted delivery is done without involving an experienced veterinarian and where there is feto-pelvic disproportion.          Signs showing the abduction of right and left hind limb and hind limb extend forward. Stifle Dislocation            A downer cow in lateral recumbency. On clinical examination hind limb is abducted and on extension of hind limb it forms an angle 90 degree   (Perpendicular to body ) suggestive of dislocation ie. Stifle dislocation (Luxation of stifle joint).

Gastrocnemius Muscle rupture  in Various animals  1.  Rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle is an injury with or without the Achilles tendon. It was observed in the cow, camel, horse, and humans.          2. Either the rupture may occur immediately after an injury, or the muscle or tendon may be weakened enough so that a mild strain may completely rupture it later.          3.  In cattle, the most common sites of muscle rupture are at the Musculo-tendinous junction, and at the origin or insertion of the muscle.          4. The rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle may occur partially or completely . In the partial rupture, the signs are less pronounced, and the prognosis is better than that in the complete rupture.         5.In complete rupture animal will  rest on its hock  (Metatarsal will be Parallel to ground) whereas in mild cases  dropped hock is the p...

                         Omphalocele          Umblical hernia are usually congenital caused by Flawed Embryogenesis - Inherited.          Umbilical vessels, Vitelline duct and stalk of the allantois pass through the umblical ring in the fetus but this aperture close at birth leaving an umblical cicatrix.          If the aperture fails to contract or too large or improperly formed leads to Hernias.        The hernia was lined by peritoneal sac hence it is called True Hernia.     Male dog with Umblical Hernia are Cryptorchid.          The abdominal content initially are covered by amniotic but this covering is easily ruptured.   Reference : Theresa Welch Fossum - Small Animal Surgery                          

    Teat Lacerations.              Incidence of teat lacerations is relatively higher in  goats  due to  pendulous udder  and  long teats.                In Bovines lacerations may occur due to a  direct injury  which might even be  self inflicted .               Barbed wire fences, thorny bushes and some agricultural implements may cause deep injuries.             Deep lacerations which involve mucosa are best  sutured  with animal in lateral recumbency after deep sedation or local in filtration (Ring block).               Deep lacerations includes mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and skin (from inner aspect).               For patency of the teat, teat siphon or scalp vein set can be used.   ...

  Omphalocele       An omphalocele is a congenital protrusion of part of the abdominal viscera through a defect in the abdominal wall at the umblicus, which is covered by amnion or sometimes it may rupture.     Synonym - Abdominal fissure, Umbilical eventrations, congenital umblical hernia and Exomphalos.     Condition should be differentiated from ventral hernia.     During early stages of fetal development the intestines rest partly within the extra embryonic celom of umblical cord.      Later body wall encloses the area and the intestine are internalized.      Failure of the intestines to return or failure of one of the four body folds to migrate result in omphalocele.      Omphalocele are morphologically intermediate in severity between Umbilical hernia and Schistosoma reflexus. 

  Hyphema        Hyphema is the presence of blood in the anterior chamber.        Tiny hemorrhages may be visible only with the slit lamp, in the form of erythrocytes floating and circulating in the aqueous humor.         Slightly larger amounts of blood settle as variously shaped masses on the surface of the iris, lens, or vitreous.         Still larger hemorrhages gravitate to the inferior aspect of the anterior chamber, producing a grossly visible, "layered" Hyphema.          The most severe hemorrhages can fill the anterior chamber; these tend to clot, probably because of impaired circulation of aqueous, and nearly always produce glaucoma.         Total, clotted Hyphema are dark brown, purple, or black and are referred to as "black-ball" or "eight-ball" hemorrhages

        BEFORE TREATMENT                                                                              AFTER TREATMENT BOSCC          BOSCC  is the most common malignant tumor affecting cattle.         Invasive chronically progressing tumor which metastasis through draining lymphatics of head and neck.          High morbidity which result in economic loss through early culling.        Breed predispositions - Cross breed Holstein Friesian.          Lesion occur most commonly at cornea- scleral junction. Treatment - Surgical removal but higher rate of re-occurrence.

Cherry Eye  Prolapse of the third eye lid or nictating membrane gland.           Most common primary disorder of nictating membrane. The prolapsed mass appear as a smooth red or pink mass protruding from and behind the leading edge of the nictating membrane. Breed disposition -C ocker Spaniels, Lhasa Apsos, Beagles, Bull dogs.   Surgical correction - Morgan pocket technique                        Parallel incision was made in to the bulbar conjunctiva dorsal and ventral the prolapsed gland, taking care to leave 2 to 3mm of mucosa at the end of incision so they do not connect                     The gland is reduced into pocket and pocket closed with simple continuous suture pattern using 5-0 or 6-0 polyglycolic acid or polyglactin.

FETAL ANASARCA            DROPSY OF THE FETUS                       Hydrocephalus                           Fetal ascites                       Fetal anasarca       Fetal anasarca is the excess amount of fluids in the tissue beneath  the  skin of fetus.        It may develop in a single fetus or one of twins.       Rarely mild hydrops of the amnion and/or allantois and edema  of the placenta may accompany fatal anasarca.       This is caused by a recessive autosomal character.

D shaped - posterior spiracle  

Seteria digitata is assumed to be natural parasite of bovidae and adult parasite in peritoneal cavity consider as nonpathogenic.