Dr. S.KANDASAMY - M.V.Sc (Surgery)

Gastrocnemius Muscle rupture  in Various animals  1.  Rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle is an injury with or without the Achilles tendon. It was observed in the cow, camel, horse, and humans.          2. Either the rupture may occur immediately after an injury, or the muscle or tendon may be weakened enough so that a mild strain may completely rupture it later.          3.  In cattle, the most common sites of muscle rupture are at the Musculo-tendinous junction, and at the origin or insertion of the muscle.          4. The rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle may occur partially or completely . In the partial rupture, the signs are less pronounced, and the prognosis is better than that in the complete rupture.         5.In complete rupture animal will  rest on its hock  (Metatarsal will be Parallel to ground) whereas in mild cases  dropped hock is the p...

                         Omphalocele          Umblical hernia are usually congenital caused by Flawed Embryogenesis - Inherited.          Umbilical vessels, Vitelline duct and stalk of the allantois pass through the umblical ring in the fetus but this aperture close at birth leaving an umblical cicatrix.          If the aperture fails to contract or too large or improperly formed leads to Hernias.        The hernia was lined by peritoneal sac hence it is called True Hernia.     Male dog with Umblical Hernia are Cryptorchid.          The abdominal content initially are covered by amniotic but this covering is easily ruptured.   Reference : Theresa Welch Fossum - Small Animal Surgery                          

    Teat Lacerations.              Incidence of teat lacerations is relatively higher in  goats  due to  pendulous udder  and  long teats.                In Bovines lacerations may occur due to a  direct injury  which might even be  self inflicted .               Barbed wire fences, thorny bushes and some agricultural implements may cause deep injuries.             Deep lacerations which involve mucosa are best  sutured  with animal in lateral recumbency after deep sedation or local in filtration (Ring block).               Deep lacerations includes mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and skin (from inner aspect).               For patency of the teat, teat siphon or scalp vein set can be used.   ...

  Omphalocele       An omphalocele is a congenital protrusion of part of the abdominal viscera through a defect in the abdominal wall at the umblicus, which is covered by amnion or sometimes it may rupture.     Synonym - Abdominal fissure, Umbilical eventrations, congenital umblical hernia and Exomphalos.     Condition should be differentiated from ventral hernia.     During early stages of fetal development the intestines rest partly within the extra embryonic celom of umblical cord.      Later body wall encloses the area and the intestine are internalized.      Failure of the intestines to return or failure of one of the four body folds to migrate result in omphalocele.      Omphalocele are morphologically intermediate in severity between Umbilical hernia and Schistosoma reflexus. 

  Hyphema        Hyphema is the presence of blood in the anterior chamber.        Tiny hemorrhages may be visible only with the slit lamp, in the form of erythrocytes floating and circulating in the aqueous humor.         Slightly larger amounts of blood settle as variously shaped masses on the surface of the iris, lens, or vitreous.         Still larger hemorrhages gravitate to the inferior aspect of the anterior chamber, producing a grossly visible, "layered" Hyphema.          The most severe hemorrhages can fill the anterior chamber; these tend to clot, probably because of impaired circulation of aqueous, and nearly always produce glaucoma.         Total, clotted Hyphema are dark brown, purple, or black and are referred to as "black-ball" or "eight-ball" hemorrhages

        BEFORE TREATMENT                                                                              AFTER TREATMENT BOSCC          BOSCC  is the most common malignant tumor affecting cattle.         Invasive chronically progressing tumor which metastasis through draining lymphatics of head and neck.          High morbidity which result in economic loss through early culling.        Breed predispositions - Cross breed Holstein Friesian.          Lesion occur most commonly at cornea- scleral junction. Treatment - Surgical removal but higher rate of re-occurrence.

Cherry Eye  Prolapse of the third eye lid or nictating membrane gland.           Most common primary disorder of nictating membrane. The prolapsed mass appear as a smooth red or pink mass protruding from and behind the leading edge of the nictating membrane. Breed disposition -C ocker Spaniels, Lhasa Apsos, Beagles, Bull dogs.   Surgical correction - Morgan pocket technique                        Parallel incision was made in to the bulbar conjunctiva dorsal and ventral the prolapsed gland, taking care to leave 2 to 3mm of mucosa at the end of incision so they do not connect                     The gland is reduced into pocket and pocket closed with simple continuous suture pattern using 5-0 or 6-0 polyglycolic acid or polyglactin.