Dr. S.KANDASAMY - M.V.Sc (Surgery)

                         Omphalocele          Umblical hernia are usually congenital caused by Flawed Embryogenesis - Inherited.          Umbilical vessels, Vitelline duct and stalk of the allantois pass through the umblical ring in the fetus but this aperture close at birth leaving an umblical cicatrix.          If the aperture fails to contract or too large or improperly formed leads to Hernias.        The hernia was lined by peritoneal sac hence it is called True Hernia.     Male dog with Umblical Hernia are Cryptorchid.          The abdominal content initially are covered by amniotic but this covering is easily ruptured.   Reference : Theresa Welch Fossum - Small Animal Surgery                          

    Teat Lacerations.              Incidence of teat lacerations is relatively higher in  goats  due to  pendulous udder  and  long teats.                In Bovines lacerations may occur due to a  direct injury  which might even be  self inflicted .               Barbed wire fences, thorny bushes and some agricultural implements may cause deep injuries.             Deep lacerations which involve mucosa are best  sutured  with animal in lateral recumbency after deep sedation or local in filtration (Ring block).               Deep lacerations includes mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and skin (from inner aspect).               For patency of the teat, teat siphon or scalp vein set can be used.   ...